Becoming a Woman or a Man: Subjective Theories among Shipibo-Konibo Adults and Youth

Gender relations and ideals among Amazonian indigenous peoples have changed significantly in modern times. We explored the subjective theories—understood here as self-perceptions and worldviews structured through hypothetical reasoning—about what it means to become a woman or a man within the Shipibo-Konibo community, the third largest Amazonian indigenous group in Peru. Drawing on in-depth interviews with urban young and adult Shipibo individuals, and analyzed through reflexive thematic analysis, this study accounts for the complexities and shifting dynamics of gendered becoming among the Shipibo-Konibo. These processes are shaped by tensions between so-called “ancient” and “modern” ways of life, and between rural and urban experiences. While globalization and urbanization have brought both losses and valued new possibilities, Shipibo gender roles and cultural ideals remain significant, albeit with increased flexibility and a pragmatic outlook. The coexistence of indigenous and Western approaches, particularly in areas like contraception and STI treatment, reflects a dynamic culture that adapts and renews itself. These findings underscore the need for inclusive, community-driven policies that respect and integrate indigenous perspectives.